在工業制造領域，cnc加工技術的應用越來越廣泛。cnc加工是利用計算機數字控制技術，對機床進行加工控制，以完成零件或構件的加工加工工藝流程。在大量生產中，如何提高cnc加工的效率和品質，是每個生產企業所關注的問題。

深圳捷百瑞智造技(ji)術有限(xian)公司來(lai)給大家詳細講下cnc加工工藝流程吧：

一 通過合理的加工工藝規劃

合適的刀具和(he)(he)切削參(can)數、編寫(xie)好的加工程序以及加工設備(bei)和(he)(he)環境的維護，可以有效(xiao)(xiao)提高cnc加工的效(xiao)(xiao)率和(he)(he)品質(zhi)。要提高加工效(xiao)(xiao)率和(he)(he)品質(zhi)，需(xu)要綜合考慮加工過(guo)程的各個環節(jie)，并不斷優化和(he)(he)改進(jin)。

第一步：加工工藝規劃

　　在(zai)cnc加(jia)工(gong)(gong)前，首先(xian)需要(yao)進行加(jia)工(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)規劃。加(jia)工(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)規劃要(yao)考(kao)慮工(gong)(gong)件的形狀、大小(xiao)、材料、硬度(du)、加(jia)工(gong)(gong)方(fang)法和加(jia)工(gong)(gong)順序等方(fang)面。通過(guo)合理的加(jia)工(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)規劃，可以降低加(jia)工(gong)(gong)難度(du)，提高加(jia)工(gong)(gong)質(zhi)量和效率(lv)。

第二步：選擇加工刀具與切削參數

　　在cnc加工中，選(xuan)擇合(he)適(shi)的(de)刀(dao)具和(he)切(qie)(qie)削(xue)參(can)數(shu)(shu)，對于提高(gao)加工效率和(he)品(pin)(pin)質非常重要。刀(dao)具的(de)選(xuan)用與加工材料(liao)有關(guan)，應該選(xuan)擇合(he)適(shi)的(de)刀(dao)具材料(liao)和(he)刀(dao)具形狀(zhuang)。切(qie)(qie)削(xue)參(can)數(shu)(shu)包(bao)括(kuo)切(qie)(qie)削(xue)速(su)度(du)(du)、切(qie)(qie)削(xue)深度(du)(du)、進給速(su)度(du)(du)等，合(he)理的(de)切(qie)(qie)削(xue)參(can)數(shu)(shu)可以保證加工效率和(he)品(pin)(pin)質。

第三步：加工程序編寫

　　cnc加(jia)工(gong)程序(xu)的(de)編寫(xie)(xie)是(shi)非常重要(yao)的(de)一步。編寫(xie)(xie)程序(xu)時應該綜(zong)合考(kao)慮加(jia)工(gong)工(gong)藝規劃和(he)切削參數，以及加(jia)工(gong)的(de)安全性(xing)和(he)穩定(ding)性(xing)。編寫(xie)(xie)好的(de)程序(xu)要(yao)經過(guo)調試和(he)試切，以保證加(jia)工(gong)效(xiao)果和(he)品質。

第四步：加工設備和環境的維護

　　cnc加工(gong)設備(bei)和環(huan)境(jing)的維(wei)護也是(shi)提高(gao)加工(gong)效率和品質的關鍵。在加工(gong)過(guo)程中，機床和刀具會產生磨損，需要及時進行維(wei)護和更換。同時，加工(gong)環(huan)境(jing)的清潔(jie)和通風也是(shi)非(fei)常重要的，可以減少加工(gong)過(guo)程中的干擾(rao)和損失。

二、合理的設置加工路線

　　合(he)(he)理的(de)(de)設置加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)路線(xian)和(he)加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)順序(xu)是優化工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)件(jian)加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)序(xu)編制的(de)(de)重要基礎。可(ke)以(yi)(yi)從加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)軌跡方面(mian)(mian)和(he)進(jin)刀方式方面(mian)(mian)加(jia)(jia)(jia)以(yi)(yi)考慮(lv)。在(zai)進(jin)行(xing)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)件(jian)數控銑(xian)(xian)削(xue)加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)時(shi)，要結合(he)(he)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)件(jian)的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝性(xing)要求去選(xuan)擇合(he)(he)適的(de)(de)進(jin)刀方式，以(yi)(yi)確保(bao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)件(jian)的(de)(de)切削(xue)加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)精度和(he)加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)效率。在(zai)銑(xian)(xian)削(xue)平面(mian)(mian)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)件(jian)外輪廓(kuo)時(shi)，應(ying)安(an)排(pai)好刀具的(de)(de)切入、切出路線(xian)。盡量沿輪廓(kuo)曲線(xian)的(de)(de)延長線(xian)切入、切出，以(yi)(yi)免交接(jie)處出現刀痕。同時(shi)在(zai)銑(xian)(xian)削(xue)加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中應(ying)根據工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)件(jian)情況選(xuan)擇順銑(xian)(xian)還是逆銑(xian)(xian)

三、刀具的選擇和正確安裝

　　不論(lun)是cnc加(jia)工(gong)還是普通加(jia)工(gong)，刀(dao)具(ju)(ju)因是直接作(zuo)用(yong)于工(gong)件(jian)的(de)(de)，所以它的(de)(de)選擇(ze)和(he)安(an)裝時(shi)工(gong)件(jian)加(jia)工(gong)精(jing)(jing)度和(he)表面質量最主要的(de)(de)因素。特別是工(gong)件(jian)在cnc加(jia)工(gong)中心上加(jia)工(gong)，刀(dao)具(ju)(ju)事(shi)先都儲(chu)存在刀(dao)庫(ku)中，一旦開(kai)始加(jia)工(gong)不得隨意更換。所以刀(dao)具(ju)(ju)選擇(ze)總的(de)(de)原則是：安(an)裝調整方便、剛性好、耐用(yong)度和(he)精(jing)(jing)度高等。

四、切削用量的合理選擇：

　　切(qie)(qie)削(xue)用量的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)確定是(shi)cnc加工(gong)工(gong)藝的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)(yao)內容，它的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大小(xiao)(xiao)是(shi)機床主運動和進給運動的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)(yao)參數(shu)，對工(gong)件(jian)加工(gong)精度(du)(du)、加工(gong)效(xiao)率(lv)以(yi)及刀具磨(mo)損有(you)著重要(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影(ying)響。切(qie)(qie)削(xue)用量的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)選(xuan)(xuan)擇包括(kuo)切(qie)(qie)削(xue)速(su)度(du)(du)、背吃(chi)刀量以(yi)及進給量。基本的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)選(xuan)(xuan)擇原則是(shi)：在剛度(du)(du)允(yun)許的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)條件(jian)下，粗加工(gong)取較(jiao)(jiao)大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)切(qie)(qie)削(xue)深度(du)(du)，以(yi)減少走刀次數(shu)，提(ti)高工(gong)件(jian)生產率(lv)；精加工(gong)一般取較(jiao)(jiao)小(xiao)(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)切(qie)(qie)削(xue)深度(du)(du)，以(yi)獲(huo)得較(jiao)(jiao)高的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)表面質量。

　　cnc加(jia)工(gong)工(gong)序(xu)規劃是指整個工(gong)藝過程而言的(de)，不能以(yi)某(mou)一工(gong)序(xu)的(de)性質和某(mou)一表(biao)面(mian)(mian)的(de)加(jia)工(gong)來判(pan)斷。例如有(you)些定位基(ji)準面(mian)(mian)，在(zai)(zai)半精加(jia)工(gong)階段(duan)甚至(zhi)在(zai)(zai)粗加(jia)工(gong)階段(duan)中就需(xu)加(jia)工(gong)得(de)很準確。有(you)時為了避免尺寸鏈換算，在(zai)(zai)精加(jia)工(gong)階段(duan)中，也可以(yi)安排某(mou)些次要(yao)表(biao)面(mian)(mian)的(de)半精加(jia)工(gong)。

五、有效提高cnc加工的效率與品質

       在深圳捷(jie)百(bai)瑞智造看來，要(yao)(yao)提高(gao)cnc加(jia)工(gong)(gong)效率(lv)，要(yao)(yao)從觀念(nian)轉變、人才培訓、工(gong)(gong)藝改進(jin)、柔性制造、設備維護和綜合配套管理幾個方面進(jin)行，具體如何有(you)效提高(gao)cnc加(jia)工(gong)(gong)的(de)效率(lv)與品質(zhi)？應(ying)從以(yi)下幾方面做(zuo)起：

1、cnc加工的零件，一般按工序集中的原則劃分工序，劃分的方法有以下幾種：

　　1）按所使用刀具劃分

　　以同一(yi)把(ba)刀(dao)具完(wan)成(cheng)的工(gong)藝過程作為一(yi)道工(gong)序，這(zhe)種劃(hua)分方法適(shi)用(yong)(yong)于(yu)工(gong)件(jian)的待加工(gong)表面(mian)較多的情形(xing)。加工(gong)中心常采用(yong)(yong)這(zhe)種方法完(wan)成(cheng)。

　　2）按工件安裝次數劃分

　　以零件一次裝夾能夠完成的工藝過程作為一道工序。這種方法適合于加工內容不多的零件，在保證零件加工質(zhi)量的前提下，一(yi)次裝(zhuang)夾完成全部的加(jia)工內容。

　　3）按(an)粗精(jing)加工(gong)劃分(fen)。將粗加工(gong)中完成的那(nei)一(yi)部分(fen)工(gong)藝(yi)過程作為(wei)(wei)一(yi)道工(gong)序(xu)，將精(jing)加工(gong)中完成的那(nei)一(yi)部分(fen)工(gong)藝(yi)過程作為(wei)(wei)另一(yi)道工(gong)序(xu)。這(zhe)種劃分(fen)方法適用(yong)于(yu)零件(jian)有(you)強(qiang)度(du)和硬度(du)要(yao)求，需(xu)要(yao)進行熱處理或(huo)零件(jian)精(jing)度(du)要(yao)求較高(gao)，需(xu)要(yao)有(you)效(xiao)去除內應力，以(yi)及零件(jian)加工(gong)后(hou)變形較大(da)，需(xu)要(yao)按(an)粗、精(jing)加工(gong)階段進行劃分(fen)的零件(jian)加工(gong)。

　　4）按加工部位劃分

　　將完成相同型面的(de)那一(yi)部(bu)分(fen)工藝過程作為一(yi)道工序(xu)(xu)(xu)。對于加(jia)工表(biao)面多而(er)且比較復雜的(de)零件，應(ying)合(he)理安排數控(kong)加(jia)工、熱處(chu)理和(he)輔助工序(xu)(xu)(xu)的(de)順(shun)序(xu)(xu)(xu)，并(bing)解(jie)決好工序(xu)(xu)(xu)間的(de)銜接(jie)問(wen)題。加(jia)工工序(xu)(xu)(xu)劃分(fen)的(de)原則零件是由多個表(biao)面構成的(de)，這些表(biao)面有自己(ji)的(de)精(jing)(jing)度要求(qiu)，各表(biao)面之間也有相應(ying)的(de)精(jing)(jing)度要求(qiu)。

2、為了達到零件的設計精度要求，加工順序安排應遵循一定的原則：

　　1）先粗后精的原則

　　各表面(mian)的(de)(de)加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)順(shun)序按照粗加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)、半精(jing)(jing)(jing)加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)、精(jing)(jing)(jing)加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)和(he)光(guang)整加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)的(de)(de)順(shun)序進(jin)行，目的(de)(de)是逐步提(ti)高零件加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)表面(mian)的(de)(de)精(jing)(jing)(jing)度(du)和(he)表面(mian)質(zhi)量。如果零件的(de)(de)全(quan)(quan)部(bu)表面(mian)均由數控機床加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)，工(gong)序安(an)排一般(ban)按粗加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)、半精(jing)(jing)(jing)加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)、精(jing)(jing)(jing)加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)的(de)(de)順(shun)序進(jin)行，即粗加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)全(quan)(quan)部(bu)完(wan)成后再進(jin)行半精(jing)(jing)(jing)加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)和(he)精(jing)(jing)(jing)加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)。

　　粗加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)時可(ke)快速去除大部(bu)分(fen)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)余量，再依次精加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)各(ge)個表(biao)面(mian)，這樣可(ke)提高生產效率，又可(ke)保(bao)證(zheng)零(ling)件的加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)精度和表(biao)面(mian)粗糙度。該方法適用于位置精度要求(qiu)較高的加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)表(biao)面(mian)。這并不是絕(jue)對的，如對于一些尺(chi)寸精度要求(qiu)較高的加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)表(biao)面(mian)，考慮到(dao)零(ling)件的剛度、變形及尺(chi)寸精度等要求(qiu)，也可(ke)以考慮這些加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)表(biao)面(mian)分(fen)別按粗加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)、半精加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)、精加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的順序完成。

　　對于(yu)精度(du)要求較(jiao)高的加工(gong)(gong)(gong)表(biao)面，在粗(cu)、精加工(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)序之(zhi)間，零(ling)件(jian)最好擱置一段時間，使粗(cu)加工(gong)(gong)(gong)后的零(ling)件(jian)表(biao)面應力得到完全釋(shi)放，減小零(ling)件(jian)表(biao)面的應力變形程度(du)，這樣有利于(yu)提高零(ling)件(jian)的加工(gong)(gong)(gong)精度(du)。

　　2）基準面先加工原則

　　cnc加工一開始，總(zong)是(shi)把(ba)用作精(jing)(jing)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)基(ji)(ji)(ji)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)的(de)(de)(de)表面(mian)(mian)(mian)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)出來，因為(wei)(wei)定(ding)(ding)位(wei)基(ji)(ji)(ji)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)的(de)(de)(de)表面(mian)(mian)(mian)精(jing)(jing)確，裝(zhuang)夾誤差(cha)就小，所以(yi)任何(he)零(ling)件的(de)(de)(de)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)過程，總(zong)是(shi)先對定(ding)(ding)位(wei)基(ji)(ji)(ji)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)面(mian)(mian)(mian)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)粗加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)和(he)(he)半精(jing)(jing)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，必要時還(huan)要進(jin)行(xing)(xing)精(jing)(jing)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，例(li)如(ru)，軸類零(ling)件總(zong)是(shi)對定(ding)(ding)位(wei)基(ji)(ji)(ji)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)面(mian)(mian)(mian)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)粗加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)和(he)(he)半精(jing)(jing)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，再(zai)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)精(jing)(jing)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)。例(li)如(ru)軸類零(ling)件總(zong)是(shi)先加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中心孔(kong)，再(zai)以(yi)中心孔(kong)面(mian)(mian)(mian)和(he)(he)定(ding)(ding)位(wei)孔(kong)為(wei)(wei)精(jing)(jing)基(ji)(ji)(ji)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孔(kong)系(xi)和(he)(he)其他表面(mian)(mian)(mian)。如(ru)果精(jing)(jing)基(ji)(ji)(ji)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)面(mian)(mian)(mian)不(bu)止(zhi)一個(ge)，則應(ying)該按照(zhao)基(ji)(ji)(ji)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)轉換(huan)的(de)(de)(de)順序和(he)(he)逐步提高加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)精(jing)(jing)度的(de)(de)(de)原則來安排基(ji)(ji)(ji)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)面(mian)(mian)(mian)的(de)(de)(de)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)。

　　3）先面后孔原則

　　對于箱體類、支(zhi)架類、機體類等零件(jian)，平面(mian)(mian)(mian)輪(lun)廓尺寸較大，用平面(mian)(mian)(mian)定(ding)位(wei)(wei)比較穩定(ding)可(ke)(ke)(ke)靠(kao)，故(gu)應先(xian)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)平面(mian)(mian)(mian)，后加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孔。這樣，不僅使后續的(de)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)有一(yi)個穩定(ding)可(ke)(ke)(ke)靠(kao)的(de)平面(mian)(mian)(mian)作為定(ding)位(wei)(wei)基準面(mian)(mian)(mian)，而且在平整的(de)表面(mian)(mian)(mian)上加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孔，加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)變得容易一(yi)些，也有利于提(ti)高孔的(de)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)精(jing)度。通常，可(ke)(ke)(ke)按零件(jian)的(de)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)部(bu)位(wei)(wei)劃分工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)序，一(yi)般先(xian)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)簡單的(de)幾何(he)形狀(zhuang)，后加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)復雜的(de)幾何(he)形狀(zhuang)；先(xian)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)精(jing)度較低的(de)部(bu)位(wei)(wei)，后加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)精(jing)度較高的(de)部(bu)位(wei)(wei)；先(xian)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)平面(mian)(mian)(mian)，后加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孔。

　　4）先內后外原則

　　對于精密套筒，其外(wai)圓(yuan)與(yu)孔(kong)(kong)的(de)(de)同軸度要求較高，一般采(cai)用先(xian)孔(kong)(kong)后外(wai)圓(yuan)的(de)(de)原(yuan)則，即(ji)先(xian)以外(wai)圓(yuan)作為(wei)定位基準加(jia)工孔(kong)(kong)，再以精度較高的(de)(de)孔(kong)(kong)作為(wei)定位基準加(jia)工外(wai)圓(yuan)，這樣可以保證外(wai)圓(yuan)和孔(kong)(kong)之間具有較高的(de)(de)同軸度要求，而且使用的(de)(de)夾(jia)具結構也很簡單。

　　5）減少換刀次數的原則

　　在(zai)cnc加工(gong)中，應盡(jin)可能按(an)刀具進入(ru)加工(gong)位置的順(shun)序安排加工(gong)順(shun)序。　

　　結論

　　隨著社會對產品多樣化、制造低成本、制造周期短的要求日趨迫切，由于微電子技術、計算機技術、通訊技術、機械與控制技術的進步，柔性制造技術發展迅猛并且日臻成熟。cnc加工采(cai)(cai)用(yong)先進的刀具(ju)和(he)機床實(shi)現高速(su)，高效(xiao)的切削，同時采(cai)(cai)用(yong)相關技術和(he)管理方法(fa)優(you)化整個CNC加工工藝，采(cai)(cai)用(yong)多(duo)種方式提(ti)高加工效(xiao)率(lv)，實(shi)現高速(su)切削、高效(xiao)切削，高效(xiao)加工，最終目標。